With temperatures ranging from sub-freezing to 70s from week to week, golf course superintendents in the Midlands region of the state are tasked with protecting greens. A prolonged warming trend followed by another cold snap “could put some stress on the grass and be a danger to turf,” said Chad Berry, Superintendent of Golden Hills Golf & Country Club in Lexington, S.C.

On January 14, golfers filled the tee sheets at courses around the Midlands in South Carolina, a central region of the state surrounding Columbia, S.C., taking advantage of the unseasonably warm weather for a pleasant round in January, the Columbia-based State reported.

The contrast to the previous weekend is startling. Then, with the temperatures stuck at below 40 at the warmest part of the day, courses remained closed, the State reported.

What golf course superintendents do now will tell how courses play in the spring. The most important challenge is protecting the greens from sub-freezing temperatures. Some clubs use tarps and others pine straw to cover the putting surfaces. Others have a thin coat of ice to do the job, the State reported.

“So many things are involved,” said Blake Cathey, golf pro at The Members Club at Woodcreek and WildeWood in Columbia. “Not every green is the same. Factors involved include tree cover, air movement, the amount of sunlight and some people don’t understand why they can’t play. They don’t understand why the plants must be protected.”

In fact, the cold weather presents a double whammy. If the course is closed—and most in the area were Saturday through Monday—revenue is lost. Meanwhile, maintenance must be maintained and costs go up, the State reported.

Forest Lake Club in Columbia uses tarps on its greens, and pro John Winterhalter said superintendent Chris Bennett needs four or five workers and requires 3 1/2 to 4 hours to complete the process. “Then, it’s the same time and personnel to take them off,” Winterhalter said.

Ground temperatures need to increase to bring grasses out of dormancy, and a prolonged warming trend followed by another cold snap “could put some stress on the grass and be a danger to turf,” said Chad Berry, Superintendent of Golden Hills Golf & Country Club in Lexington, S.C. “Once the weather gets cooler, I’d prefer to keep it cooler—but not freezing.”

Jeff Connell, Superintendent of Fort Jackson Golf Club in Jackson, S.C., said he starts preparing when forecasts call for temperatures below 40 and goes into action if the cold increases. He protects his greens with the ice process used for peach blossoms and other tender crops, the State reported.

“You are going to damage the plant cell if you step on it when it’s frozen,” Connell said. “That why we were closed and why we delay play anytime we have to freeze the greens. I ask guys, ‘Would you rather play today in the cold, or have good greens when the weather warms up?’”

On the plus side, Connell said the industry is becoming “more educated” about the ultradwarf Bermuda grasses that have gained popularity in recent years. “They are hardier than we originally believed,” he said. “As we learn more, we know more about their tolerance to cold.”

That means when the temperatures fluctuate wildly, the superintendent’s skills are put to the test. “No matter what, we’re always going to err on the safe side,” Connell said.